Chemistry Learning Path
High School (11–12) Chemistry
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Entropy, Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
StemPy LabWhat makes a change spontaneous, entropy and the second law, Gibbs energy and the sign of ΔG, the effect of temperature, and the link between ΔG and equilibrium.
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Enthalpy and Hess's Law
Enthalpy and how it differs from internal energy, heat capacity and calorimetry, standard enthalpies of reaction, formation and combustion, bond enthalpies, and Hess's law.
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Systems, Heat, Work and the First Law
Systems and surroundings, state functions, work and heat, internal energy and the first law of thermodynamics, with work done by an expanding gas.
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Molecular Orbitals and Hydrogen Bonding
How atomic orbitals combine into bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, the energy order for second-period molecules, bond order and magnetism, and the hydrogen bond.
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Shapes of Molecules
VSEPR theory and the shapes it predicts, with lone pairs that squeeze the angles; valence bond theory, sigma and pi bonds; and hybridisation from sp to sp3d2.
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Ionic and Covalent Bonds
The octet rule and Lewis structures, formal charge and its limits, the ionic bond and lattice enthalpy, and the bond length, angle, enthalpy and order that describe any bond.
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Periodic Trends in Properties
How the size of atoms and ions, the ionisation enthalpy, the electron gain enthalpy and the electronegativity change across a period and down a group, and how they decide valence and reactivity.
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Building the Periodic Table
From Dobereiner's triads to Mendeleev's gaps and Moseley's atomic numbers: how the periodic table was built, how new elements are named, and how the s, p, d and f blocks follow from electron configurations.
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Formulas and Stoichiometry
Find a compound's formula from its percentage composition, work out how much of each substance a reaction needs and makes, find the limiting reagent, and express the strength of a solution.
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Laws, Atoms and the Mole
Five laws of chemical combination led Dalton to the atom. Use them, find atomic and molecular masses, and meet the mole: the chemist's way of counting particles by weighing them.
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Matter and Measurement
Sort matter into elements, compounds and mixtures, and measure it in SI units. Learn to write numbers in scientific notation, to keep the right significant figures, and to change units without mistakes.
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The Quantum Model and Electron Configurations
Bohr's circles work for hydrogen, and they fail for every other atom. The better picture is a cloud of probability. In this course we meet the waves of matter, the uncertainty principle, the four quantum numbers and the shapes of orbitals. Then we use three rules to write the electron configuration of any atom, and we explain the odd cases, such as chromium and copper.
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