States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
A balloon grows as it rises, a pressure cooker cooks faster, and a drop of water keeps its shape on a leaf.
- All of this comes from how molecules attract each other and how fast they move.
- In this chapter you meet the forces between molecules, the gas laws and the ideal gas equation, the kinetic theory and the speeds of molecules, real gases and the van der Waals equation, and the liquid state with its vapour pressure, surface tension and viscosity.
- The chapter is not in the rationalised NCERT books, but it is in the JEE Advanced syllabus and in A-Level, IB and AP Chemistry.
- Python solves the gas laws and draws the Maxwell speed distribution.
Part of Chemistry · High School (11–12) (chapter 12)
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Intermolecular Forces, Gas Laws and the Ideal Gas Equation
Why one substance is a gas at room temperature and another is a liquid. The forces between molecules and the three states of matter. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac and Avogadro, and the ideal gas equation with the right units. Then Dalton's law of partial pressures and Graham's law of diffusion.
Molecular Speeds and Real Gases
How a gas is described by moving molecules. The kinetic molecular theory, the rms, average and most probable speeds and the Maxwell distribution. Then real gases: the compressibility factor, the van der Waals equation, critical constants, liquefaction and the Boyle temperature.