Notes
Reading material from teachers and learners: theory, worked examples and questions that make you think. Some notes are made with AI, and they always say so.
Choose a topic to see its subtopics.39 notes
Chemical BondingHigh School (11–12)
Molecular Orbitals and Hydrogen Bonding: Quick Revision
A brief note on Molecular Orbitals and Hydrogen Bonding: bonding and antibonding orbitals, the two energy orders, bond order and magnetism, the ions of oxygen, and the hydrogen bond. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Chemical BondingHigh School (11–12)
Shapes of Molecules: Quick Revision
A brief note on Shapes of Molecules: VSEPR shapes with and without lone pairs, sigma and pi bonds, and hybridisation from sp to sp3d2. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Chemical BondingHigh School (11–12)
Ionic and Covalent Bonds: Quick Revision
A brief note on Ionic and Covalent Bonds: Lewis structures and formal charge, the exceptions to the octet rule, lattice enthalpy and the Born-Haber cycle, bond parameters, resonance and dipole moment. With a worked example, practice and a program.
Periodic TrendsHigh School (11–12)
Periodic Trends in Properties: Quick Revision
A brief note on Periodic Trends in Properties: radii and isoelectronic ions, ionisation and electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence and the nature of oxides. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Development of the Periodic TableHigh School (11–12)
Building the Periodic Table: Quick Revision
A brief note on Building the Periodic Table: triads, octaves and Lothar Meyer, Mendeleev and his predictions, Moseley and the modern periodic law, temporary names, and the s, p, d and f blocks. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Stoichiometry and ConcentrationHigh School (11–12)
Formulas and Stoichiometry: Quick Revision
A brief note on Formulas and Stoichiometry: mass percent, empirical and molecular formulas, mole ratios, mass and volume problems, the limiting reagent, and the four measures of concentration. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
The Mole ConceptHigh School (11–12)
Laws, Atoms and the Mole: Quick Revision
A brief note on Laws, Atoms and the Mole: the five laws of chemical combination, Dalton's theory, the atomic mass unit, average atomic mass, molecular and formula mass, and the mole. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Measurement, Units and Significant FiguresHigh School (11–12)
Matter and Measurement: Quick Revision
A brief note on Matter and Measurement: elements, compounds and mixtures, physical and chemical properties, SI units and prefixes, density and temperature, significant figures, precision and accuracy, and unit factors. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.
Quantum Mechanical Model of the AtomHigh School (11–12)
The Quantum Model and Electron Configurations: Quick Revision
Matter waves, the uncertainty principle, the four quantum numbers, orbitals and nodes, the filling rules and magnetic moments. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Light, Atomic Spectra and the Bohr ModelHigh School (11–12)
Light, Spectra and the Bohr Model: Quick Revision
Waves and photons, the photoelectric effect, the hydrogen spectrum and its series, and Bohr's model for one-electron atoms. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Subatomic Particles and Atomic ModelsHigh School (11–12)
The Nuclear Atom: Quick Revision
The electron, proton and neutron, Rutherford's nucleus and its size, isotopes, isobars and isotones, the mass spectrometer and the average atomic mass. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Groups and FamiliesHigh School (9–10)
Families of Elements and Predictions: Quick Revision
The alkali and alkaline earth metals, the halogens and their displacement reactions, the noble gases, and predicting an element from its place. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Periodic TrendsHigh School (9–10)
Patterns Across Periods and Down Groups: Quick Revision
Valency from the outer electrons, atomic size, metallic character, gaining and losing electrons, and the oxides across period 3. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Development of the Periodic TableHigh School (9–10)
From Triads to the Modern Table: Quick Revision
Dobereiner's triads, Newlands' octaves, Mendeleev's table with its gaps and limits, and the modern table ordered by atomic number. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Reactions and Uses of Carbon CompoundsHigh School (9–10)
Reactions of Carbon Compounds and Everyday Compounds: Quick Revision
Combustion and flames, oxidation, addition and substitution, ethanol, ethanoic acid, esters, soaps and detergents. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Hydrocarbons and NomenclatureHigh School (9–10)
Hydrocarbons and Their Names: Quick Revision
Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, isomers, functional groups, homologous series and the names of carbon compounds. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Covalent Bonding and AllotropesHigh School (9–10)
Covalent Bonding and the Forms of Carbon: Quick Revision
Shared pairs, single, double and triple bonds, covalent compounds, catenation and tetravalency, and diamond, graphite and fullerene. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Ionic Compounds and Extraction of MetalsHigh School (9–10)
Ionic Compounds and the Extraction of Metals: Quick Revision
How ionic compounds form, their properties, ores, the steps of extraction by place in the series, and refining copper. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Reactions and the Reactivity SeriesHigh School (9–10)
Reactions of Metals and Non-metals: Quick Revision
Metals with oxygen, water, acids and salt solutions, the reactivity series, amphoteric oxides and the reactions of non-metals. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Properties of Metals and Non-metalsHigh School (9–10)
Properties of Metals and Non-metals: Quick Revision
The properties of metals and non-metals, the exceptions, metalloids and alloys. With a worked example, practice, a program, the usual slips and questions to check yourself.
Salts and Their UsesHigh School (9–10)
Salts and Their Uses: Quick Revision
Families of salts and their pH, the chlor-alkali process, bleaching powder, baking soda, washing soda, water of crystallisation and plaster of Paris. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions.
Acids and BasesHigh School (9–10)
Acids and Bases: Quick Revision
Indicators, what acids and bases react with, oxides, and the hydrogen and hydroxide ions behind it all. With a worked example, practice, a program, the usual slips and questions to check yourself.
Energy Changes and CorrosionHigh School (9–10)
Energy, Rusting and Reacting Masses: Quick Revision
Exothermic and endothermic changes, heat from a temperature change, rusting and rancidity, and masses from equations. With a worked example, practice, a program, the usual slips and questions to check yourself.
Types of Chemical ReactionsHigh School (9–10)
Types of Chemical Reactions: Quick Revision
Combination, decomposition, displacement and double displacement, the reactivity series, and oxidation and reduction. With a worked example, practice, a program, the usual slips and questions to check yourself.
Chemical EquationsHigh School (9–10)
Chemical Equations: Quick Revision
Signs of a reaction, writing equations with state symbols and conditions, counting atoms and balancing. With a worked example, practice, a program, the usual slips and questions to check yourself.