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A molecule can move, turn and vibrate. Each way of storing energy gets the same share of it. From that one rule we find the specific heats of gases, of mixtures, of solids and of water. Then we ask how far a molecule travels before it hits another one.
A gas has two specific heats, and the one at constant pressure is the larger. A gas that is compressed quickly gets hot, and a gas that is compressed slowly does not. In this course we find Mayer's relation, and we study the isobaric, isochoric, isothermal and adiabatic processes with the heat, work and change of internal energy of each.
A petrol engine, a diesel lorry and a jet engine all turn heat into work, and no two of them follow the same cycle. Here we follow gases along paths that lie between the four standard ones, work out the efficiency of real engine cycles, and find the entropy of an ideal gas. The level is that of JEE Advanced, A-Level Further Physics and IB Higher Level, and the course ends with a full timed paper.