Teacher-curated, self-paced courses. Looking for a guided sequence through a full topic? See Learning Paths.
What a pond, a forest and a field have in common. You meet the living and the non-living parts of an ecosystem and the layers of a forest. Then you follow the grazing and the detritus food chains, join them into a food web, and find the trophic level of each organism.
How much living matter does a hectare of grass make in a year, and what becomes of it when it dies? Gross and net primary productivity, secondary productivity, what limits them, and the five steps by which dead matter is broken down into humus and minerals. Python follows the numbers.
The Sun gives a field a great deal of energy, and the hawk at the end of the chain gets very little of it. You follow the energy from sunlight to the top consumer, use the ten per cent idea, and draw the pyramids of number, biomass and energy. Then you put the whole chapter together in one energy budget.
A bare rock becomes a forest, a carbon atom goes round the world and comes back, and a phosphorus atom takes millions of years to do the same. You follow ecological succession stage by stage. You build box models of the carbon and phosphorus cycles in Python and count the services that ecosystems give us. Then you work out full energy budgets with the efficiencies that A-Level and IB use. It goes beyond the textbook, to the level of A-Level Biology, IB Higher Level and the Olympiad. Twelve harder problems and a full timed mock exam.
What an ecosystem is, its living and non-living parts, producers, consumers and decomposers, food chains and webs, trophic levels, the ten per cent law and biological magnification.