Chemistry Learning Path
High School (11–12) Chemistry
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Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starch and Cellulose
Honey tastes sweet and cotton does not, yet both are built from glucose. We follow the sugars from glucose and fructose to sucrose, starch, cellulose and glycogen: their open and ring forms, their reactions and their optical rotations.
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Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins and Enzymes
An egg turns white when it is boiled, and a drop of enzyme can break down a whole pan of starch. We study the amino acids and their charges, the peptide bond, the levels of protein structure, denaturation, and how an enzyme speeds up a reaction in chemical terms.
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Vitamins, Nucleic Acids and Hormones
A lack of one small molecule can cause scurvy, and one changed base can change a protein. We sort the vitamins by solubility and deficiency, build DNA and RNA from bases, sugars and phosphate, explain the double helix, and meet the hormones.
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Amines: Classes, Names and Preparation
What an amine is and how it differs from ammonia and from an alcohol. Primary, secondary and tertiary amines, their names, the six main ways to make them, and why their boiling points and solubility are what they are.
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Reactions of Amines and Aniline
How strongly an amine acts as a base and what changes it. The amino group reacts with halides, acid chlorides, chloroform, nitrous acid and sulphonyl chloride. These reactions give tests that tell the three classes apart. Then we turn to the substitution reactions of the ring of aniline.
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Diazonium Salts and Other Nitrogen Compounds
How a diazonium salt is made from an aromatic amine and how its nitrogen is replaced by chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, cyanide, hydroxyl or hydrogen. Coupling to azo dyes, the use of diazonium salts in planning a synthesis, and cyanides, isocyanides and nitro compounds in brief.
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The Carbonyl Group: Structure, Names and Preparation
How aldehydes and ketones are built and named, why the carbonyl group is polar, and the methods that make them: oxidation of alcohols, hydration of alkynes, the Rosenmund and Stephen reductions, the Etard reaction, Gattermann-Koch and Friedel-Crafts acylation. It covers the unit of the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Reactions of the Carbonyl Group: Addition, Redox and Aldol
Why the carbonyl carbon is attacked by nucleophiles, and what follows. Addition of HCN, bisulphite, alcohols and ammonia derivatives, reduction to alcohols and alkanes, the tests of Tollens, Fehling and iodoform, the aldol and Cannizzaro reactions, and substitution in the benzene ring. It covers the unit of the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Carboxylic Acids: Structure, Acidity and Reactions
How carboxylic acids are named and made, and how hydrogen bonds hold them together. Why they are acids, and how a substituent changes their strength. What they do with alcohols, ammonia, chlorinating agents, hydrides and bromine. It covers the unit of the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Carbonyl Chemistry in Depth: Named Reactions and Multi-Step Conversions
Beyond the textbook. How to choose the reagent that changes one group and leaves another alone. The named reactions of the carbonyl group, with their scope and their limits. How to plan a multi-step conversion, or name an unknown compound from its tests. It is at the level of JEE Advanced, A-Level Chemistry and IB Higher Level, with a full timed paper.
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Alcohols: Naming, Preparation and Physical Properties
What makes a compound an alcohol, and how do we name it? You sort alcohols as primary, secondary or tertiary. You make them from alkenes, carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagents. You see why hydrogen bonding sets their boiling point and solubility.
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Reactions of Alcohols and Phenols
Why is phenol a stronger acid than ethanol, and what do substituents do to acid strength? Then the reactions of alcohols: substitution, dehydration, esterification and oxidation, and the tests that tell the classes apart. The course ends with phenol, including the Kolbe and Reimer-Tiemann reactions.
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