Explore structured chemistry courses, solved problems, simulations and Python activities.
Why complexes have the shapes, colours and magnetism they do. Valence bond theory with hybridisation, crystal field theory and the splitting of the d-orbitals, the stability of complexes and where they are used.
The kinds of isomer a complex can show. Structural isomers, geometrical isomers in square planar and octahedral complexes, and optical isomers.
What a coordination compound is. Werner's theory, ligands and their types, the coordination number and the oxidation state of the metal, and the rules for naming complexes and writing their formulae.
The inner transition elements. Their configurations and oxidation states, the lanthanoid contraction and its effects, and what both series are used for.
Where the d-block sits and how its electrons are arranged. The trends in size, ionisation enthalpy and oxidation states, and why these elements form coloured, magnetic ions.
The oxides of the first series, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate and what they do as oxidising agents, and the alloys and interstitial compounds that metals form.
Why a warmer reaction runs faster. The Arrhenius equation and activation energy, collision theory and the energy barrier, and the way a catalyst opens a quicker path.
How concentration changes with time. The integrated equations for zero order and first order reactions, half-life and the time for any fraction to react, and pseudo first order reactions.
How to measure the speed of a reaction as the change in concentration with time. Average and instantaneous rate, the rate law, order and molecularity, and the units of the rate constant.
How ionic solutions carry current. Resistance and conductivity, molar conductivity and how it changes with concentration, and Kohlrausch's law for strong and weak electrolytes.
What happens at the electrodes during electrolysis and how much product forms, by Faraday's laws. Then primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells and the corrosion of iron.
A galvanic cell built from two half-cells. Cell notation, emf from standard electrode potentials, the link between emf, Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant, and the Nernst equation for any concentration.
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Beyond the textbook: counting the isomers of any complex, filling the crystal field levels and calculating the stabilisation energy and the spin-only magnetic moment, and comparing the colour and stability of complexes. The problems that JEE, NEET and A-Level Chemistry ask most, with a full timed paper.
Beyond the textbook: concentration cells, cells with a precipitate or a complex, finding a solubility product or a pH from an emf, and electrolysis with competing ions. The problems that JEE, NEET and A-Level Chemistry ask most, with a full timed paper.
Beyond the textbook: counting the structural isomers of a formula and the stereoisomers of a molecule, and comparing the stability of intermediates and the acidity of compounds. The problems that JEE, NEET and A-Level Chemistry ask most, with a full timed paper.
The calculations that JEE, AP Chemistry and A-Level Chemistry set most: degree of dissociation from vapour density, simultaneous equilibria, pH of mixtures and very dilute solutions, polyprotic acids, and precipitation with Ksp, with a full timed paper.
The calculations that JEE, AP Chemistry and A-Level Chemistry ask most: work in reversible and irreversible expansions, Born-Haber and Hess cycles, bond enthalpies, and ΔG from ΔH and ΔS, with a full timed paper.
The hard questions of the chapter: dipole moments and molecular shape, tricky Lewis structures and formal charges, back bonding and bridges, and comparing bond lengths and energies, with a full paper.