Why complexes have the shapes, colours and magnetism they do. Valence bond theory with hybridisation, crystal field theory and the splitting of the d-orbitals, the stability of complexes and where they are used.
3 lessons, about 1 h 45 min3 simulations11 problems6 practice questionsPython in every lesson
Two iron(III) complexes can have the same shape and the same charge, and still behave very differently near a magnet. Valence bond theory explains this. The metal ion offers empty orbitals, the ligands give lone pairs, and hybridisation sets the shape. Count the unpaired electrons and you can predict the magnetic moment.
Crystal field theory treats the ligands as negative charges placed around a positive ion. They push the five d orbitals apart into two sets. The size of the gap decides how the electrons fill the orbitals, and so decides the spin, the magnetic moment and the stabilisation energy of the complex.
The blue of copper sulphate comes from an electron that jumps between two d levels. The size of the jump decides which colour is absorbed. This lesson links the splitting to colour and to magnetism, then looks at how stable a complex is and where complexes are used.
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