Chemistry Learning Path
High School (11–12) Chemistry
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Organic Qualitative Analysis: Elements and Functional Groups
How a chemist finds out what an unknown organic compound contains. We heat the compound with copper(II) oxide to find carbon and hydrogen. The sodium fusion of Lassaigne shows nitrogen, sulphur and the halogens. Then come the tests that tell an alcohol, a phenol, an aldehyde, a ketone, an acid and an amine apart.
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Inorganic Qualitative Analysis: Anions, Cations and Salts
How a chemist names a salt from what happens in a test tube. We test ten anions with dilute and concentrated sulphuric acid. The group reagents sort the cations, and a confirmatory test names each of twelve cations. Solubility products explain why the scheme works.
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Titrations and Preparations: Volumetric Analysis and Laboratory Syntheses
How a chemist measures how much is there, and how a compound is made in a flask. We prepare standard solutions, choose indicators and run acid and base titrations. Then come the permanganate titrations of oxalic acid and Mohr's salt, with percentage purity. Last, we make Mohr's salt, potash alum, acetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide, aniline yellow and iodoform.
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Experiments with Wires, Liquids, Heat and Sound
The standard experiments on matter. Stretch a wire in Searle's apparatus, lift water in a capillary tube and drop a ball through oil. Then mix hot and cold bodies in a calorimeter, follow a cooling curve, and find the speed of sound with a resonance tube.
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Intermolecular Forces, Gas Laws and the Ideal Gas Equation
Why one substance is a gas at room temperature and another is a liquid. The forces between molecules and the three states of matter. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac and Avogadro, and the ideal gas equation with the right units. Then Dalton's law of partial pressures and Graham's law of diffusion.
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Molecular Speeds and Real Gases
How a gas is described by moving molecules. The kinetic molecular theory, the rms, average and most probable speeds and the Maxwell distribution. Then real gases: the compressibility factor, the van der Waals equation, critical constants, liquefaction and the Boyle temperature.
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The Liquid State: Vapour Pressure, Surface Tension and Viscosity
Why a puddle dries, why mountain water boils at a lower temperature and why honey pours slowly. Vapour pressure and boiling with the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, surface tension and capillary rise, and viscosity with Stokes' law, each with its standard calculations.
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Groups 17 and 18: The Halogens and the Noble Gases
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are the most reactive non-metals. The noble gases were once thought to react with nothing. We follow chlorine and hydrogen chloride, the interhalogen compounds and the acids of chlorine, and then the compounds of xenon and their shapes. It covers the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Group 15: Nitrogen, Ammonia and Phosphorus
Air is four fifths nitrogen, yet nitrogen is hard to make use of. We see why, follow ammonia from the Haber process to the Ostwald process and nitric acid, and meet phosphorus with its allotropes, phosphine, chlorides and acids. It covers the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Group 16: Oxygen, Ozone and Sulphur
Oxygen is in the air we breathe and in the ozone that shields us from the sun. Sulphur makes the acid that is used in the largest amount in industry. We study the oxides, ozone and its layer, the forms of sulphur, sulphur dioxide, the contact process and the acids of sulphur. It covers the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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The Boron Family: Boron, Borax and Aluminium
Gallium melts in your hand, an aluminium can does not rust, and boric acid is safe enough for an eyewash. We read the trends of group 13, see why boron is the odd one out, and study borax, boric acid, diborane and the compounds of aluminium.
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The Carbon Family: Allotropes, Oxides and Silicon
Diamond and pencil lead are both pure carbon, and sand and glass are both built from silicon. We follow group 14 from carbon down to lead: the allotropes of carbon, the oxides of carbon, silicon and the silicates, silicones and zeolites.
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