Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
A capacitor is charged by a battery and then taken off it. A second capacitor has already been charged to by another source. The two are now joined by two wires, as in the figure: the positive plate of each is joined to the negative plate of the other. The wires have a small resistance, and the charges settle quickly. The two capacitors stand well apart, so neither changes the field of the other. Ignore any energy that leaves as radio waves, and any charge on the wires themselves.
The two capacitors stay joined. Now the battery is connected across again, its positive terminal on the plate of that was positive at the start.
The battery is ideal, and the wires keep their small resistance.
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Plan. Count charge on the conductors that the wires make. Then compare the energy stored before and after each step. The difference is heat.
Step 1. The charges at the start. and .
Step 2. Joining (a). The top wire joins the plate of to the plate of . That conductor holds , now shared by two capacitors in parallel:
Step 3. Charge along a wire (b). now holds , so has left its plate along the wire.
Step 4. Heat (c). Before: . After: . The heat is .
Step 5. The battery again (d, e). Both capacitors end at the old way round, so the top conductor ends with . The battery sent , doing .
Step 6. Heat (f). The stored energy rose from to , by . So the heat is . As a check, gives the same.
Answer: (a) . (b) . (c) . (d) . (e) . (f) .
Watch out. Joined positive to negative, the charges subtract. Adding them gives , the answer for plates joined like to like.
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