Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
A call centre knows that each call to its helpline is answered at the first ring with probability , independently of the other calls. On a busy afternoon, the centre receives calls. The manager wants to know how likely it is that at most of them are answered at the first ring, because that would trigger a review of staffing. Counting all the terms of the binomial distribution by hand is slow, so she uses the normal approximation with a continuity correction. Find the mean and the standard deviation of the number of calls answered at the first ring. Then find the approximate probability that at most are answered at the first ring. Give the answers to four decimal places, and use a calculator or the program for the standard normal distribution function.
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Step 1. The mean. .
Step 2. The standard deviation. .
Step 3. The value. With the continuity correction, .
Step 4. The probability. .
Answer: , about and about .
Check. Both and are far above , so the approximation is reliable. The exact binomial value is , which is close to . Without the correction, using , the answer would be , which is further off.
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, and . For large , , and the continuity correction uses for .