Why the carbonyl carbon is attacked by nucleophiles, and what follows. Addition of HCN, bisulphite, alcohols and ammonia derivatives, reduction to alcohols and alkanes, the tests of Tollens, Fehling and iodoform, the aldol and Cannizzaro reactions, and substitution in the benzene ring. It covers the unit of the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET, JEE Main) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
3 lessons, about 1 h 15 min3 simulations11 problems3 practice questionsPython in every lesson
A carbonyl carbon has a positive charge and a free face. A nucleophile can attack it from above or below. This one step explains most of what aldehydes and ketones do. You learn the mechanism, the order of reactivity, and the additions of HCN, hydrogensulphite, alcohols and ammonia derivatives.
A silver mirror on glass, a red solid in a blue solution and a yellow solid with an antiseptic smell are the three classic tests for carbonyl compounds. The same lesson covers reduction to alcohols and to alkanes, and why aldehydes oxidise so much more easily than ketones.
A hydrogen next to a carbonyl group can leave as a proton. The anion that forms is a nucleophile that attacks another carbonyl compound, and a new carbon-carbon bond results. This is the aldol reaction. Aldehydes with no such hydrogen do something else: the Cannizzaro reaction. The lesson ends with the benzene ring.
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