How a diazonium salt is made from an aromatic amine and how its nitrogen is replaced by chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, cyanide, hydroxyl or hydrogen. Coupling to azo dyes, the use of diazonium salts in planning a synthesis, and cyanides, isocyanides and nitro compounds in brief.
3 lessons, about 1 h 15 min3 simulations10 problems3 practice questionsPython in every lesson
A cold mixture of aniline, sodium nitrite and acid makes a salt that holds a nitrogen molecule ready to leave. Replace that nitrogen, and one amine becomes a halide, a nitrile, a phenol or a plain hydrocarbon. This lesson shows how the salt is made and what it can turn into.
A diazonium ion is a weak electrophile. It attacks the ring of a phenol or an aromatic amine and joins two rings through an N=N bridge. The product is a coloured azo dye. The same chemistry lets a chemist plan syntheses that no direct reaction could manage.
Two groups can sit on one carbon chain through different atoms, and the choice of reagent decides which one forms. Cyanides and isocyanides differ by the atom that bonds to carbon. Nitro compounds and nitrites differ in the same way. Nitrobenzene is reduced to three different products in three media.
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