Why the copying of DNA is never perfect, and why that matters. Fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, spores and vegetative propagation, then sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
3 lessons, about 1 h 20 min3 simulations11 problems3 practice questionsPython in every lesson
Reproduction makes new individuals of the same kind. At its heart is the copying of DNA, the information that builds a cell. The copying is very good but never perfect, so the copies differ a little. These small differences, called variations, help a species to survive when its surroundings change.
In asexual reproduction a single parent makes new individuals without gametes. Single cells divide by fission: Amoeba into two, Leishmania along a fixed plane, Plasmodium into many. Spirogyra breaks into pieces, Planaria and Hydra regenerate lost parts, Hydra buds, Rhizopus makes spores, and many plants grow from stems, roots or leaves.
Sexual reproduction joins a male and a female gamete. In a flower, the stamens make pollen and the carpel holds the ovules in the ovary. Pollen reaches the stigma by pollination, a pollen tube carries the male gamete to the ovule, and fertilisation makes a zygote. The ovule becomes a seed and the ovary a fruit.
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