MediumChemistryHigh School (11–12)Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques › Electronic Effects and Reaction IntermediatesNumericalA-LevelIBJEE Main
Use a simple model. Each bond of a carbon chain passes on 0.4 of the electron pull it receives…
Contributed by StemPy LabTry it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
Use a simple model. Each bond of a carbon chain passes on of the electron pull it receives. A chlorine atom pulls on a carboxyl group at the other end. Find the percentage of the first pull that reaches the group when the chlorine is one, two and three bonds away.
Need a reminder? The key ideaShow
The inductive effect is a permanent pull () or push () of electrons along sigma bonds. It fades with distance. Resonance spreads pi electrons and lone pairs over several atoms. The hybrid is more stable than any one structure, and its equal bonds share the bond order. The electromeric effect is a temporary shift of a pi pair under attack. Hyperconjugation spreads the sigma electrons of an alpha C-H bond, so more alpha hydrogens mean more stability.
The worked solution
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Step 1. One bond. .
Step 2. Two bonds. .
Step 3. Three bonds. .
Answer: , and . The pull falls away fast, which is why the inductive effect is weak beyond three or four bonds.
Discussion (0)
Log in to join the discussion.
Loading…