Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
Three plants are studied. Plant X: the first stable product is a 3-carbon compound, there is no wreath of large cells round the veins, and photosynthesis is best near . Plant Y: the first stable product is a 4-carbon compound, the veins are ringed by large cells, and photosynthesis is best near . Plant Z: RuBisCO works in the cells that touch the air spaces, and it has strong photorespiration. (a) Which plants are C3 and which is C4? (b) Where does RuBisCO work in plant Y? (c) Why does plant Y do well on a hot day?
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Step 1. The groups. X has a 3-carbon first product and no Kranz anatomy: C3. Y has a 4-carbon first product and Kranz anatomy: C4. Z has strong photorespiration and RuBisCO in the mesophyll: C3.
Step 2. RuBisCO in Y. In the bundle sheath cells.
Step 3. The hot day. Carbon dioxide is concentrated round RuBisCO in the bundle sheath cells, so oxygen has little chance to bind. Y avoids photorespiration, and its temperature optimum is high.
Answer: (a) X and Z are C3, Y is C4; (b) in the bundle sheath cells; (c) no photorespiration and a high temperature optimum.
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C4 plants (maize, sugarcane, sorghum): Kranz anatomy (large bundle sheath cells with many chloroplasts, thick walls, no intercellular spaces, round the veins). In a mesophyll cell, PEP (3C) plus carbon dioxide gives OAA (4C) with PEP carboxylase. OAA becomes malic acid or aspartic acid. It goes to a bundle sheath cell, where carbon dioxide is set free. Pyruvate (3C) goes back to the mesophyll to become PEP with ATP. RuBisCO and the Calvin cycle work in the bundle sheath cells and are absent from the mesophyll cells. C4 plants lack photorespiration, have a high temperature optimum and high productivity.
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