Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
Hydrogen peroxide breaks down slowly in water, but iodide ions speed it up: . The accepted mechanism has a slow first step and a fast second step:
As NCERT does, write the rate law as . A solution of hydrogen peroxide with is kept at . The oxygen is collected in a gas syringe at and . The graph shows the volume of oxygen against time: after , and in all once the reaction is over. The solution is stirred well, so the oxygen escapes as soon as it forms, and the volumes are those of dry oxygen. Assume that all the oxygen reaches the syringe. Take and .
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Plan. The final volume gives the amount of peroxide. The volume still to come at any time measures the peroxide left. Iodide is a catalyst, so its concentration stays fixed and the reaction is pseudo first order.
(a) Starting concentration. . So in , that is .
(b) Pseudo first order constant. The peroxide left is proportional to . At :
(c) The rate constant. .
(d) More iodide. Now . For 90 per cent, . The starting peroxide does not matter for a first order reaction.
(e) Initial rate of oxygen. Peroxide is used at . One forms for every two , so oxygen forms at .
Check. Integrating the two steps of the mechanism one by one, in small time steps, gives the same oxygen at and the same time for 90 per cent in the second run.
Watch out. In (d) the iodide has changed, so the old no longer holds: it would give . And in (e), the rate of the peroxide is not the rate of the oxygen.
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