Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
Compare silicon ( eV) and germanium ( eV) at K. Use . Find the thermal energy in meV. Then find the exponent for each crystal, and the ratio of the thermal factor of germanium to that of silicon. Explain in one sentence why a germanium device has more trouble with heat.
A photon of wavelength has energy , with . It lifts an electron across a gap if , so . The share of electrons that heat lifts across goes as , with .
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Step 1. Thermal energy. meV.
Step 2. The exponents. For silicon, . For germanium, .
Step 3. The ratio. The factors are and . The ratio is .
Answer: meV, , and about .
Why. The smaller gap of germanium lets heat make about six thousand times as many carriers (by this factor alone). In a device, these carriers give a leakage current that grows with temperature, so germanium is less steady than silicon.
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