HardChemistryHigh School (11–12)The Periodic Table › Periodic Trends The Periodic Table › Groups and FamiliesNumerical

On the Pauling scale sodium is 0.9, hydrogen 2.1, carbon 2.5 and chlorine 3.0.

Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.

On the Pauling scale sodium is $0.9$ , hydrogen $2.1$ , carbon $2.5$ and chlorine $3.0$ . Find the electronegativity difference in the bonds Na with Cl, H with Cl and C with Cl, and say what kind of bond each is.

Need a reminder? The key ideaShow

Electronegativity is the pull of an atom in a compound on a shared pair of electrons; fluorine is 4.0 on the Pauling scale. It rises across a period and falls down a group. Valence is the number of outer electrons, or eight minus it. Oxides are basic on the left of a period, amphoteric in the middle and acidic on the right. A rough guide: a difference above 1.7 gives a mostly ionic bond, between 0.4 and 1.7 a polar covalent bond.

The worked solution

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Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.

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