A vernier calipers has 10 vernier divisions equal to 9 main scale divisions, and one main scale…

Step 1. The zero error. The 2nd division lines up, so the error is $+2 \times 0.01\ \text{cm} = +0.02$ cm.

Step 2. The diameter. Observed: $2.3\ \text{cm} + 7 \times 0.01\ \text{cm} = 2.37$ cm. Corrected: $2.37\ \text{cm} - 0.02\ \text{cm} = 2.35$ cm.

Step 3. The length. Observed: $4.8\ \text{cm} + 4 \times 0.01\ \text{cm} = 4.84$ cm. Corrected: $4.84\ \text{cm} - 0.02\ \text{cm} = 4.82$ cm.

Step 4. The volume. $V = \dfrac{\pi}{4}d^2 L$ $= \dfrac{\pi}{4} \times (2.35\ \text{cm})^2 \times 4.82\ \text{cm}$ $= 20.9\ \text{cm}^3$.

Step 5. The error. $\dfrac{\Delta V}{V} = 2\,\dfrac{0.01}{2.35} + \dfrac{0.01}{4.82}$ $= 0.0085 + 0.0021 = 0.0106$. That is $1.1\%$.