Try it on paper first. A hint, the key idea and the worked solution are here when you need them.
A transistor switches the coil of a relay, which has a resistance of , on a supply of V. The collector current is the current in the coil. The lowest value of in the batch is . The control voltage from a logic circuit is V. Take V and V. Find the current in the coil when the transistor is saturated, the least base current that saturates it and the largest base resistor that does it.
Have you tried it?
Work it out on paper first. It is fine to get stuck or make a mistake: that is how we learn. When you are ready, go through the solution one step at a time, and check each step against your own.
Step 1. The saturated current. mA.
Step 2. The least base current. mA.
Step 3. The largest base resistor. .
Answer: mA, mA and .
Watch out. A designer picks a resistor a good deal smaller than the limit, such as , so that saturation is sure. A coil also needs a diode across it, because the coil makes a large voltage when the current stops.
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The voltage gain of a common-emitter amplifier is , the current gain is and the power gain is . The output stays between V (saturation) and (cut-off). A transistor switch saturates when .