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  1. Notes
  2. /Properties and Identities of Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Quick Revision
Mathematics

Properties and Identities of Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Quick Revision

A brief note on the properties and identities of inverse trigonometric functions: reflection and partner rules, sums and differences of inverse tangents, double angle forms, and the right triangle method. With a worked example, practice, a program and questions to check yourself.

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A brief note on Properties and Identities of Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Read it before a test. Try each question at the end before you open its answer.

Reflection and partner rules

  • Odd functions: sin⁡−1(−x)=−sin⁡−1x\sin^{-1}(-x) = -\sin^{-1}xsin−1(−x)=−sin−1x, tan⁡−1(−x)=−tan⁡−1x\tan^{-1}(-x) = -\tan^{-1}xtan−1(−x)=−tan−1x, cosec⁡−1(−x)=−cosec⁡−1x\operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(-x) = -\operatorname{cosec}^{-1}xcosec−1(−x)=−cosec−1x.
  • The other three: cos⁡−1(−x)=π−cos⁡−1x\cos^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cos^{-1}xcos−1(−x)=π−cos−1x, and the same for cot⁡−1\cot^{-1}cot−1 and sec⁡−1\sec^{-1}sec−1.
  • Partners: sin⁡−1x+cos⁡−1x=π2\sin^{-1}x + \cos^{-1}x = \dfrac{\pi}{2}sin−1x+cos−1x=2π​ for ∣x∣≤1|x| \le 1∣x∣≤1. tan⁡−1x+cot⁡−1x=π2\tan^{-1}x + \cot^{-1}x = \dfrac{\pi}{2}tan−1x+cot−1x=2π​ for all real xxx.
  • Reciprocals: sec⁡−1x=cos⁡−11x\sec^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\dfrac{1}{x}sec−1x=cos−1x1​ and cosec⁡−1x=sin⁡−11x\operatorname{cosec}^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\dfrac{1}{x}cosec−1x=sin−1x1​ for ∣x∣≥1|x| \ge 1∣x∣≥1.
  • Tangent and cotangent: tan⁡−11x=cot⁡−1x\tan^{-1}\dfrac{1}{x} = \cot^{-1}xtan−1x1​=cot−1x for x>0x > 0x>0, and cot⁡−1x−π\cot^{-1}x - \picot−1x−π for x<0x < 0x<0.

Sums of inverse tangents

  • Sum: tan⁡−1x+tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x+y1−xy\tan^{-1}x + \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\dfrac{x + y}{1 - xy}tan−1x+tan−1y=tan−11−xyx+y​ when xy<1xy < 1xy<1.
  • Product above 1: add π\piπ if x>0x > 0x>0, subtract π\piπ if x<0x < 0x<0. If xy=1xy = 1xy=1 the sum is ±π2\pm\dfrac{\pi}{2}±2π​.
  • Difference: tan⁡−1x−tan⁡−1y=tan⁡−1x−y1+xy\tan^{-1}x - \tan^{-1}y = \tan^{-1}\dfrac{x - y}{1 + xy}tan−1x−tan−1y=tan−11+xyx−y​ when xy>−1xy > -1xy>−1.

Double angles and the triangle

  • Triangle: sin⁡(cos⁡−1x)=cos⁡(sin⁡−1x)=1−x2\sin(\cos^{-1}x) = \cos(\sin^{-1}x) = \sqrt{1 - x^2}sin(cos−1x)=cos(sin−1x)=1−x2​. sin⁡(tan⁡−1x)=x1+x2\sin(\tan^{-1}x) = \dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}sin(tan−1x)=1+x2​x​ and cos⁡(tan⁡−1x)=11+x2\cos(\tan^{-1}x) = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}cos(tan−1x)=1+x2​1​.
  • Sine form: 2tan⁡−1x=sin⁡−12x1+x22\tan^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}2tan−1x=sin−11+x22x​ for ∣x∣≤1|x| \le 1∣x∣≤1.
  • Cosine form: 2tan⁡−1x=cos⁡−11−x21+x22\tan^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\dfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}2tan−1x=cos−11+x21−x2​ for x≥0x \ge 0x≥0.
  • Tangent form: 2tan⁡−1x=tan⁡−12x1−x22\tan^{-1}x = \tan^{-1}\dfrac{2x}{1 - x^2}2tan−1x=tan−11−x22x​ for ∣x∣<1|x| < 1∣x∣<1.

A worked example

Find tan⁡−113+tan⁡−114\tan^{-1}\dfrac{1}{3} + \tan^{-1}\dfrac{1}{4}tan−131​+tan−141​ and tan⁡−14+tan⁡−123\tan^{-1}4 + \tan^{-1}\dfrac{2}{3}tan−14+tan−132​.

  1. The first sum. xy=112<1xy = \dfrac{1}{12} < 1xy=121​<1. The fraction is 13+141−112=7/1211/12=711\dfrac{\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4}}{1 - \frac{1}{12}} = \dfrac{7/12}{11/12} = \dfrac{7}{11}1−121​31​+41​​=11/127/12​=117​. The sum is tan⁡−1711\tan^{-1}\dfrac{7}{11}tan−1117​.
  2. The second sum. xy=83>1xy = \dfrac{8}{3} > 1xy=38​>1 and x>0x > 0x>0. The fraction is 14/31−8/3=−145\dfrac{14/3}{1 - 8/3} = -\dfrac{14}{5}1−8/314/3​=−514​. The sum is π−tan⁡−1145\pi - \tan^{-1}\dfrac{14}{5}π−tan−1514​.

Practice with new numbers

A program to try

The program checks the main rules at one number.

Run it. Which lines print the same number twice?

1. Change x to -0.5. Do all the rules still hold?

Mistakes to avoid

  • Wrong sign rule: the inverse cosine is not odd. cos⁡−1(−x)=π−cos⁡−1x\cos^{-1}(-x) = \pi - \cos^{-1}xcos−1(−x)=π−cos−1x.
  • No check on xyxyxy: the sum formula needs xy<1xy < 1xy<1.
  • Wrong denominator: a sum has 1−xy1 - xy1−xy and a difference has 1+xy1 + xy1+xy.
  • A form used outside its interval: 2tan⁡−1x=sin⁡−12x1+x22\tan^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}\dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}2tan−1x=sin−11+x22x​ needs ∣x∣≤1|x| \le 1∣x∣≤1.

Check yourself

  1. Find sin⁡−114+cos⁡−114\sin^{-1}\dfrac{1}{4} + \cos^{-1}\dfrac{1}{4}sin−141​+cos−141​.
  1. Find cos⁡−1(−14)+cos⁡−114\cos^{-1}\left(-\dfrac{1}{4}\right) + \cos^{-1}\dfrac{1}{4}cos−1(−41​)+cos−141​.
  1. Find tan⁡−11+tan⁡−12+tan⁡−13\tan^{-1}1 + \tan^{-1}2 + \tan^{-1}3tan−11+tan−12+tan−13.
  1. Find sin⁡(tan⁡−134)\sin\left(\tan^{-1}\dfrac{3}{4}\right)sin(tan−143​).
  1. For which xxx is 2tan⁡−1x=cos⁡−11−x21+x22\tan^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}\dfrac{1 - x^2}{1 + x^2}2tan−1x=cos−11+x21−x2​?

Sources

  • NCERT, Mathematics Textbook for Class XII, Part I, Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
  • OpenStax, Algebra and Trigonometry 2e, Section 8.3: Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
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On this page

  1. Reflection and partner rules
  2. Sums of inverse tangents
  3. Double angles and the triangle
  4. A worked example
  5. Practice with new numbers
  6. A program to try
  7. Mistakes to avoid
  8. Check yourself
  9. Sources

Goes with the lesson

  1. Double angles and the triangle method
Properties and Identities of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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  1. Simplifying and Solving with Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Quick Revision
  2. Domains, Ranges and Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Quick Revision
  3. Heights and Distances with Two Triangles: Quick Revision
  4. Lines of Sight, Elevation and Depression: Quick Revision
  5. Special Angles and Trigonometric Identities: Quick Revision
All notes on this topic →