Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Insulin used to come from the pancreas of cattle and pigs. Today a bacterium makes it. How can a cell of one species be told to make a protein of another? This chapter shows you the tools: enzymes that cut DNA at a chosen place, enzymes that join it, and small circles of DNA that carry a gene into a host. Then you follow the steps of the work, from isolating the DNA to copying a gene by PCR, putting it into a cell and picking out the cells that took it. You end in the bioreactor, where the product is made in large amounts. Python counts fragments, copies and colonies exactly. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP. A fourth course goes deeper, for readers who want the level of A-Level Biology, IB Higher Level and the Olympiad.
Part of Biology · High School (11–12) (chapter 27)
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The Tool Kit of Genetic Engineering
Two enzymes and one small circle of DNA are enough to move a gene from one organism to another. You learn what biotechnology is and what its two core techniques do. Then you meet the restriction enzymes that cut DNA at a palindrome, the ligases that join it again, and the vectors and hosts that carry and copy it. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
Making a Recombinant DNA, Step by Step
A gene is a few thousand letters inside a genome of millions. How do you find it, copy it and put it into a cell? You follow the steps in order. You isolate the DNA, cut it and read the pattern on a gel. You copy one gene a billion times by PCR. Then you join the gene to a vector, put it into a host and pick out the cells that took it. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.