In short
A cell is one block of a notebook. A code cell holds Python code that you run on its own, and a text cell holds writing or notes.
In a notebook such as Jupyter or Google Colab, you run a code cell with a button or by pressing Shift and Enter. The result appears under the cell. A cell can use the variables from earlier cells that have already run, so the order in which you run cells matters. Notebooks mix code, results, graphs and notes in one page, which is why scientists like them.
Run a cell with x = 5, then a second cell with print(x * 2). The second cell prints 10, because the first cell stored x.
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