Biology Learning Path
High School (11–12) Biology
Explore structured biology courses, solved problems, simulations and Python activities.
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Organisms and Their Environment
Why a camel, a cactus and a seal look so different. The main abiotic factors, the four ways in which an organism meets a hard season, and the adaptations that help it to survive and to breed.
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Population Attributes and Population Growth
What a population has that one animal does not. Birth rate, death rate, sex ratio and age pyramids, and the two growth curves, the J shaped curve and the S shaped curve, with r and K. Python counts the changes year by year.
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Interactions Between Species
How two species can help, harm or ignore each other. Predation and the defences of prey, competition and the sharing of resources, parasitism, commensalism, amensalism and mutualism, each with its standard examples.
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Pathogens, Common Diseases and Their Prevention
What health means, and which germs cause typhoid, pneumonia, the common cold, dengue, chikungunya, malaria, amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis and ringworm. You follow the malarial parasite through a mosquito and a person, and learn how clean water, clean food and control of mosquitoes prevent disease.
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Immunity, Vaccination, Allergy and AIDS
How the body keeps germs out and fights those that get in. Innate and acquired immunity, antibodies, the organs of the immune system, vaccines, allergy and autoimmunity, and the way HIV attacks the helper T cells and causes AIDS.
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Cancer, Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
How a cell that escapes control becomes a tumour, what causes cancer, and how doctors find and treat it. The commonly abused drugs, tobacco and alcohol, what they do to the body, and how adolescents and families can stay safe.
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Origin of Life, Evidence and Darwin's Theory
How did life begin on a young Earth, and how do we know that species have changed? You meet the experiments on the origin of life, and the evidence from fossils, from the bodies of animals, from embryos and from molecules. Then you follow Darwin's idea of natural selection, with the moths of England, the finches of the Galapagos and the pouched mammals of Australia. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Hardy-Weinberg, Selection, Drift and Speciation
Evolution is a change in the genes of a population from one generation to the next. You count alleles with the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and you find out why a real population drifts away from it. Then you meet the three kinds of natural selection, genetic drift, the founder effect and gene flow, and you see how all of this can end in a new species. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Evolution Through Time and the Descent of Humans
Life has a very long history, and we are a very late part of it. You walk through the main events from the first cells to the dinosaurs and the mammals. Then you follow the human line from the early apes to Homo sapiens, with the size of the brain at each step. At the end you read evolutionary trees and the numbers of human evolution with Python. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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DNA as the Genetic Material: Experiments, Structure and Packaging
Which molecule carries the plan of a living thing, a protein or a nucleic acid? You follow three famous experiments, then build DNA and RNA from their nucleotides and use the rules of base pairing to count. At the end you see how two metres of DNA are packed into one nucleus. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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Replication and Transcription: Copying and Reading the Gene
A cell must copy all of its DNA before it divides, and it must read a gene before it can make a protein. You see how Meselson and Stahl showed that each new DNA keeps one old strand. Then you meet the enzymes of replication, the leading and the lagging strand, and the way a gene is copied into RNA and finished in the nucleus. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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The Genetic Code, Translation and Gene Regulation
Four letters must write the names of twenty amino acids. You read the genetic code, see what a change of one letter does, and follow a polypeptide as the ribosome builds it. Then you switch the lac operon on and off, and meet the Human Genome Project and the DNA fingerprint. It serves the Indian syllabus (NCERT, NEET) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
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