Biology Learning Path
High School (11–12) Biology
Explore structured biology courses, solved problems, simulations and Python activities.
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Growth, Differentiation and Development
StemPy LabHow a plant grows and how fast. The three phases of growth, arithmetic and geometric growth, absolute and relative growth rate, and the conditions growth needs. Then differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, development and plasticity.
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Plant Growth Regulators
The five chemical messengers of a plant: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid. What each one does, the experiments that found them, and how they work together.
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Seed Dormancy, Photoperiodism and Vernalisation
Why a seed can wait for years, how a plant knows the length of the night, and why some plants need a cold winter before they flower. With the classic experiments and how to read them.
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Respiration, Glycolysis and Fermentation
Do plants breathe? How a cell turns food into ATP, and how glucose is split into pyruvic acid in glycolysis. What a cell does with pyruvic acid when there is no oxygen: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation.
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The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport System
What happens to pyruvic acid when oxygen is present. The link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the matrix of the mitochondrion, then the electron transport system and the making of ATP on the inner membrane.
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Balance Sheet, Amphibolic Pathway and Respiratory Quotient
How much ATP one glucose molecule earns, and why the figure in a book is never exact. How fats and proteins enter the pathway and how the pathway builds new molecules. The respiratory quotient and what it tells about the substrate.
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What Photosynthesis Is and Where It Happens
How did people find out that plants make their own food? Here you follow the early experiments, learn the overall reaction, and look inside the chloroplast. Then you separate the pigments of a leaf and read the absorption and action spectra.
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The Light Reactions
Light is caught by two photosystems, water is split, and electrons run down a chain in a zig-zag called the Z scheme. Here you see how that run builds a proton gradient, and how the gradient makes ATP while NADPH is formed.
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The Calvin Cycle, C4 Plants and Limiting Factors
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are spent in the stroma to build sugar. Here you count the turns of the Calvin cycle, follow carbon through a maize leaf, see why RuBisCO sometimes makes a costly mistake, and learn which factors set the pace of photosynthesis.
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Meristematic and Permanent Tissues of Plants
Meristematic tissues that keep growing, and the permanent tissues made from them. The simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. The complex tissues: xylem and phloem.
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Tissue Systems and the Anatomy of Root, Stem and Leaf
The epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems. Then the inner structure of a dicot and a monocot root, stem and leaf, and what tells them apart under the microscope.
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Secondary Growth
How a stem and a root grow thicker. The vascular cambium and the cork cambium, annual rings, heartwood and sapwood, and the bark and lenticels of a tree.
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