How does light become a picture in the brain, and how does a sound become a nerve impulse? You study the parts of the eye, the rods and cones of the retina, the path of sound through the ear and the organs of balance. It serves the Indian syllabus (the NCERT chapter and the boards) and the matching topic of A-Level, IB and AP.
3 lessons, about 1 h 35 min4 simulations10 problems3 practice questionsPython in every lesson
The eye is a ball with three layers. The sclera and the cornea form the outer layer, the choroid with the ciliary body and the iris form the middle layer, and the retina forms the inner layer. The lens focuses light, and the iris sets the size of the pupil. Two chambers hold the aqueous humour and the vitreous humour.
The retina has two kinds of photoreceptor. Cones work in bright light and give colour vision, and rods work in dim light. Light splits the photopigment, which is made of opsin and retinal, and this changes the potential of the cell. The signal passes to the bipolar and ganglion cells, and the optic nerve takes it to the visual cortex.
The ear has three parts. The external ear collects sound and the ear drum vibrates. The three ossicles of the middle ear pass the vibration to the oval window of the cochlea. In the cochlea the hair cells of the organ of Corti make the impulses. The vestibular apparatus senses the balance of the body.
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