Seed plants with naked and with enclosed seeds, double fertilisation, and the three patterns of life cycle that link the haploid and diploid generations.
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Gymnosperms bear ovules that lie open on scales, so their seeds are naked. They are trees and shrubs with tap roots, often helped by fungi (Pinus) or cyanobacteria (Cycas). They are heterosporous: male cones make pollen grains, and ovules hold a many-celled female gametophyte. Both gametophytes stay on the sporophyte.
Angiosperms are the flowering plants: their ovules lie inside an ovary, and their seeds form inside fruits. They are dicotyledons or monocotyledons. The embryo sac has 7 cells and 8 nuclei. In double fertilisation, one male gamete fuses with the egg and the other with the two polar nuclei, which gives the triploid endosperm.
Plants alternate between a haploid gametophyte, which makes gametes, and a diploid sporophyte, which makes spores by meiosis. In haplontic cycles the gametophyte is the main body; in diplontic cycles the sporophyte is; in haplo-diplontic cycles both are many-celled. Most algae are haplontic, bryophytes and pteridophytes are haplo-diplontic, and seed plants are diplontic.
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